Kwipimisha gihamya nigice cyingenzi mukubungabunga ubusugire bwumutekano bwibikoresho byacu byumutekano (SIS) hamwe na sisitemu ijyanye n’umutekano (urugero: gutabaza, sisitemu yumuriro na gaze, sisitemu yo guhuza ibikoresho, nibindi). Ikizamini gihamya ni ikizamini cyigihe kugirango hamenyekane kunanirwa biteje akaga, imikorere ijyanye numutekano (urugero: gusubiramo, kurenga, gutabaza, gutabaza, guhagarika intoki, nibindi), no kwemeza ko sisitemu yujuje ubuziranenge nibisohoka hanze. Ibisubizo byo gupima ibimenyetso nabyo ni igipimo cyimikorere ya gahunda ya SIS yubukanishi bwa sisitemu hamwe numurima wizerwa wa sisitemu.
Uburyo bwo gukora ibizamini bukubiyemo intambwe yikizamini cyo kubona impushya, gutanga imenyesha no kuvana sisitemu muri serivisi kugirango igerageze kugirango habeho ibizamini byuzuye, kwerekana ikizamini cyibimenyetso n'ibisubizo byayo, gusubiza sisitemu muri serivisi, no gusuzuma ibisubizo by'ibizamini biriho hamwe n'ibisubizo byatanzwe mbere y'ibizamini.
ANSI / ISA / IEC 61511-1, Ingingo ya 16, ikubiyemo ibizamini bya SIS. Raporo ya tekiniki ya ISA TR84.00.03 - “Ubusugire bwa Mechanical Integrated of Safety Instrumented Sisitemu (SIS),” ikubiyemo ibizamini byerekana ibimenyetso kandi kuri ubu irimo gusubirwamo hamwe na verisiyo nshya iteganijwe vuba aha. Raporo ya tekiniki ya ISA TR96.05.02 - "Muri-Ikizamini Cyerekana Ikizamini Cyimodoka" kirimo gukorwa.
Raporo y'Ubwongereza HSE CRR 428/2002 - “Amahame yo gupima ibimenyetso bya sisitemu zikoreshwa mu mutekano mu nganda z’imiti” itanga amakuru ku gupima ibimenyetso ndetse n’ibyo sosiyete ikora mu Bwongereza.
Uburyo bwo gukora ibizamini bushingiye ku isesengura ry’uburyo buzwi bwo gutsindwa buteye akaga kuri buri kimwe mu bice bigize inzira y’ibikoresho by’umutekano (SIF) inzira y’urugendo, imikorere ya SIF nka sisitemu, nuburyo (kandi niba) bwo kugerageza uburyo bwo gutsindwa biteje akaga. Gutezimbere inzira bigomba gutangira mugice cya SIF igishushanyo mbonera cya sisitemu, guhitamo ibice, no kugena igihe nuburyo bwo kwerekana ikizamini. Ibikoresho bya SIS bifite impamyabumenyi zitandukanye zo kugerageza ibimenyetso bigomba kwitabwaho mugushushanya, gukora no kubungabunga. Kurugero, metero ya orifice hamwe nogukwirakwiza umuvuduko biroroshye kugerageza kuruta Coriolis mass flowmeters, metero mag cyangwa kunyura mu kirere cya radar. Porogaramu na valve igishushanyo nacyo kirashobora kugira ingaruka muburyo bwuzuye bwikizamini cya valve kugirango harebwe niba gutsindwa biteje akaga kandi bidahwitse bitewe no gutesha agaciro, gucomeka cyangwa gutsindwa nigihe biterwa no kudatera kunanirwa gukomeye hagati yikizamini cyatoranijwe.
Mugihe uburyo bwo gupima ibimenyetso byateguwe mugihe cyicyiciro cya SIF cyubuhanga, bigomba kandi gusubirwamo kurubuga SIS Technique Authority, Operations hamwe nabatekinisiye b'ibikoresho bazakora ikizamini. Isesengura ry'umutekano ku kazi (JSA) naryo rigomba gukorwa. Ni ngombwa kubona ibimera bigurwa kubyo bizakorwa nigihe bizabera, nibishoboka kumubiri numutekano. Kurugero, ntabwo aribyiza kwerekana igeragezwa ryigice-mugihe itsinda ryibikorwa ritazemera kubikora. Birasabwa kandi ko inzira yikizamini isubirwamo ninzobere yigenga yigenga (SME). Ikizamini gisanzwe gisabwa kubizamini byuzuye byerekana neza ishusho ya 1.
Igipimo cyuzuye cyibizamini bisabwa Igishushanyo 1: Igikorwa cyuzuye cyerekana ibizamini byerekana imikorere yumutekano (SIF) hamwe na sisitemu y’ibikoresho by’umutekano (SIS) bigomba kuvuga cyangwa kwerekeza ku ntambwe zikurikiranye uhereye ku myiteguro y’ibizamini hamwe nuburyo bwo gukora ibizamini kugeza kubimenyeshwa hamwe ninyandiko.
Igishushanyo 1: Igikorwa cyuzuye cyerekana ibizamini byerekana imikorere yumutekano (SIF) hamwe na sisitemu y’ibikoresho by’umutekano (SIS) bigomba kuvuga cyangwa kwerekeza ku ntambwe zikurikiranye kuva imyiteguro y’ibizamini hamwe nuburyo bwo gukora ibizamini kugeza kubimenyeshwa hamwe ninyandiko.
Ikizamini gihamye nigikorwa cyateganijwe cyo kubungabunga kigomba gukorwa nabakozi babishoboye bahuguwe mugupimisha SIS, uburyo bwo kwerekana ibimenyetso, hamwe na SIS bazagerageza. Hagomba kubaho gutambuka muburyo mbere yo gukora ikizamini cyambere cyo gutanga ibimenyetso, no gutanga ibitekerezo kurubuga SIS Technique Authority nyuma yo kunonosora cyangwa gukosorwa.
Hariho uburyo bubiri bwibanze bwo kunanirwa (umutekano cyangwa akaga), bigabanijwe muburyo bune-buteye akaga butamenyekanye, bubi bwamenyekanye (kubisuzumisha), umutekano utamenyekanye kandi wamenyekanye neza. Amagambo ateye akaga kandi ateye akaga atamenyekanye yakoreshejwe muriyi ngingo.
Mugupimisha ibimenyetso bya SIF, dushishikajwe cyane cyane nuburyo bwo gutsindwa butamenyekanye, ariko niba hari abakoresha kwisuzumisha bagaragaza kunanirwa, ibi bisuzumwa bigomba kuba ibimenyetso byapimwe. Menya ko bitandukanye no kwisuzumisha kubakoresha, ibikoresho byo kwisuzumisha imbere mubisanzwe ntibishobora kwemezwa nkibikorwa byumukoresha, kandi ibyo birashobora guhindura filozofiya yikizamini. Iyo inguzanyo yo kwisuzumisha ifashwe mu mibare ya SIL, impuruza zo gusuzuma (urugero: impuruza zitari kure) zigomba kugeragezwa mubice byo kwipimisha.
Uburyo bwo kunanirwa burashobora kugabanywa mubindi byageragejwe mugihe cyikizamini cyibimenyetso, ibitageragejwe, hamwe no gutsindwa bidahwitse cyangwa gutsindwa biterwa nigihe. Uburyo bumwe bwo gutsindwa buteye ubwoba ntibushobora kugeragezwa muburyo butandukanye (urugero: ingorane, ubwubatsi cyangwa icyemezo cyakazi, ubujiji, ubushobozi buke, gusiba cyangwa amakosa ya sisitemu ya komisiyo, amahirwe make yo kubaho, nibindi). Niba hari uburyo buzwi bwo kunanirwa butazageragezwa, indishyi zigomba gukorwa mugushushanya ibikoresho, uburyo bwo gukora ibizamini, gusimbuza ibikoresho buri gihe cyangwa kwiyubaka, kandi / cyangwa ibizamini bifatika bigomba gukorwa kugirango hagabanuke ingaruka kuri SIF ubunyangamugayo bwo kutipimisha.
Kunanirwa bidasubirwaho ni ibintu bitesha agaciro cyangwa ibintu kuburyo kunanirwa gukomeye, biteje akaga bishobora guteganijwe kubaho mugihe ibikorwa byo gukosora bidafashwe mugihe gikwiye. Mubisanzwe bamenyekana kubikorwa ugereranije nibigereranyo bya vuba cyangwa byambere byerekana ibimenyetso (urugero: umukono wa valve cyangwa igihe cyo gusubiza valve) cyangwa kubigenzura (urugero icyambu cyacometse). Kunanirwa bidahwitse mubisanzwe biterwa nigihe-igihe igikoresho cyangwa inteko ikora muri serivisi, niko bigenda byangirika; ibintu byorohereza kunanirwa bidasubirwaho birashoboka cyane, gutunganya ibyambu cyangwa ibyuma byubaka mugihe, ubuzima bwingirakamaro bwashize, nibindi. Kubwibyo rero, igihe kirekire cyo kugerageza intera, birashoboka cyane ko gutsindwa bidashoboka cyangwa biterwa nigihe. Uburinzi ubwo aribwo bwose bwananiwe gutsindwa nabwo bugomba kuba ibimenyetso byageragejwe (gusiba ibyambu, gushakisha ubushyuhe, nibindi).
Inzira zigomba kwandikwa kugirango zipime ibizamini byatsinzwe (bitamenyekanye). Uburyo bwo kunanirwa hamwe nisesengura ryingaruka (FMEA) cyangwa uburyo bwo kunanirwa, ingaruka hamwe nisesengura ryogusuzuma (FMEDA) birashobora gufasha gutahura ibyananiranye bitamenyekanye, kandi aho bigomba gukosorwa.
Uburyo bwinshi bwo gukora ibizamini byanditse bishingiye kuburambe hamwe na templates kuva mubikorwa bihari. Uburyo bushya hamwe na SIFs zigoye cyane zirasaba ko hakorwa uburyo bunoze ukoresheje FMEA / FMEDA kugirango usesengure kunanirwa biteje akaga, kumenya uburyo inzira yikizamini izakora cyangwa itazagerageza kunanirwa, hamwe no gukwirakwiza ibizamini. Igishushanyo cya macro-urwego rwo kunanirwa uburyo bwo guhagarika igishushanyo cya sensor cyerekanwe ku gishushanyo cya 2. Ubusanzwe FMEA ikeneye gukorwa rimwe gusa kubwoko runaka bwibikoresho hanyuma igakoreshwa kubikoresho bisa hitawe kubikorwa byabo, kwishyiriraho hamwe nubushobozi bwo gupima urubuga.
Isesengura ryo kunanirwa kurwego rwa Macro Igishushanyo cya 2: Iyi macro-urwego rwo kunanirwa uburyo bwo gusesengura igishushanyo mbonera cya sensor na transmitter (PT) yerekana imikorere yingenzi izajya igabanywa mubice byinshi byananiranye kugirango isobanure neza ibishobora kunanirwa gukemurwa mubizamini byimikorere.
Igishushanyo 2: Iyi macro-urwego rwo kunanirwa uburyo bwo gusesengura igishushanyo mbonera cya sensor na transmitter (PT) yerekana imirimo yingenzi izacika mubice byinshi byananiranye kugirango isobanure neza ibishobora kunanirwa gukemurwa mubizamini byimikorere.
Ijanisha ryibizwi bizwi, biteje akaga, bitamenyekanye ni ibimenyetso byageragejwe byitwa kwipimisha ibizamini (PTC). PTC ikoreshwa muburyo bwo kubara SIL kugirango “yishyure” kunanirwa kugerageza neza SIF. Abantu bafite imyizerere yibeshya ko kuberako batekereje kubura ikizamini cyo kubara SIL, bakoze SIF yizewe. Ukuri kworoshye nuko, niba ikizamini cyawe ari 75%, kandi niba warashyizeho iyo mibare mukubara kwa SIL no kugerageza ibintu usanzwe ugerageza kenshi, 25% byatsinzwe bishobora guteza imibare. Nzi neza ko udashaka kuba muri 25%.
Raporo yemewe ya FMEDA nigitabo cyumutekano kubikoresho mubisanzwe bitanga uburyo buke bwo gukora ibizamini hamwe no gupima ibimenyetso. Ibi bitanga ubuyobozi gusa, ntabwo intambwe zose zipimisha zisabwa muburyo bwuzuye bwo gukora ibizamini. Ubundi bwoko bwo kunanirwa gusesengura, nkibisesengura ryibiti no kwizerwa bishingiye ku kubungabunga, nabyo bikoreshwa mu gusesengura ibyananiranye.
Ibizamini byemeza birashobora kugabanywa mubikorwa byuzuye (impera-iherezo) cyangwa ibizamini bikora igice (Ishusho 3). Igeragezwa ryimikorere igice gikunze gukorwa mugihe ibice bya SIF bifite intera itandukanye yikigereranyo muri SIL ibarwa idahuye noguteganya guhagarika cyangwa guhinduka. Ni ngombwa ko igice cyibizamini bikora byerekana uburyo bwo guhuzagurika kuburyo hamwe bagerageza imikorere yumutekano yose ya SIF. Hamwe nigeragezwa ryimikorere igice, biracyasabwa ko SIF igira ikizamini cyambere cyanyuma-cyanyuma, nibindi bizakurikiraho.
Ibizamini bya gihamya bigomba kwongerwaho Igishushanyo cya 3: Igeragezwa ryibice bigize ibice (hepfo) bigomba gutwikira imikorere yose yikizamini cyuzuye (hejuru).
Igishushanyo 3: Igeragezwa ryibice byigice (hepfo) bigomba gutwikira imikorere yose yikizamini cyuzuye (hejuru).
Ikizamini cyibice igice gipima gusa ijanisha ryibikoresho byananiranye. Urugero rusanzwe ni igeragezwa rya valve igice, aho valve yimurwa muke (10-20%) kugirango igenzure ko idafashwe. Ibi bifite ibipimo byo hasi byerekana ibizamini kuruta ibizamini byibanze.
Uburyo bwo gukora ibizamini bushobora gutandukana muburyo bugoye hamwe na SIF hamwe na filozofiya yikizamini cya sosiyete. Ibigo bimwe byandika birambuye intambwe ku yindi ikizamini, mugihe ibindi bifite inzira ngufi. Ibyerekeranye nubundi buryo, nka kalibrasi isanzwe, rimwe na rimwe bikoreshwa mukugabanya ingano yuburyo bwo gukora ibizamini no gufasha kwemeza guhuza ibizamini. Uburyo bwiza bwo gukora ibizamini bugomba gutanga ibisobanuro bihagije kugirango tumenye neza ko ibizamini byose byakozwe neza kandi byanditse, ariko ntabwo birambuye cyane kugirango abatekinisiye bashaka gusimbuka intambwe. Kugira umutekinisiye, ufite inshingano zo gukora intambwe yikizamini, ubanza intambwe yuzuye yikizamini irashobora gufasha kwemeza ko ikizamini kizakorwa neza. Kwiyandikisha mu kizamini cyarangiye cyakozwe nubuyobozi bwibikoresho hamwe nabahagarariye ibikorwa bizashimangira kandi akamaro kandi bizere ikizamini cyuzuye neza.
Ibitekerezo byabatekinisiye bigomba gutumirwa buri gihe kugirango bifashe kunoza imikorere. Intsinzi yuburyo bwo gukora ibizamini iri mubice byinshi mumaboko ya technicien, bityo rero imbaraga zo gufatanya zirasabwa cyane.
Ibizamini byinshi byerekana mubisanzwe bikorwa kumurongo mugihe cyo guhagarika cyangwa guhinduka. Rimwe na rimwe, ibizamini bishobora gusabwa gukorwa kumurongo mugihe wiruka kugirango uhaze kubara SIL cyangwa ibindi bisabwa. Kwipimisha kumurongo bisaba gutegura no guhuza ibikorwa kugirango yemere ikizamini gihamya gukorwa neza, nta nzira ibabaje, kandi nta gutera urugendo rutemewe. Bisaba urugendo rumwe gusa kugirango ukoreshe attaboys zawe zose. Muri ubu bwoko bwikizamini, mugihe SIF itabonetse neza kugirango ikore inshingano zayo z'umutekano, 61511-1, ingingo ya 11.8.5, igira iti: "Ingamba zindishyi zituma ibikorwa bikomeza umutekano bizatangwa hakurikijwe 11.3 mugihe SIS iri kurengana (gusana cyangwa kugerageza)." Uburyo budasanzwe bwo gucunga ibintu bigomba kujyana nuburyo bwo gukora ibizamini kugirango bifashe gukora neza.
SIF isanzwe igabanijwemo ibice bitatu byingenzi: sensor, ibisubizo bya logique nibintu byanyuma. Hariho kandi ibikoresho bisanzwe byingirakamaro bishobora guhuzwa muri buri gice muri ibi bice bitatu (urugero: inzitizi za IS, ingendo za amps, guhuza imirongo, solenoide, nibindi) bigomba no kugeragezwa. Ibintu by'ingenzi byo kugerageza ibimenyetso buri tekinoroji irashobora kuboneka kuruhande, "Gukoresha ibizamini, gukemura ibibazo hamwe nibintu byanyuma" (hepfo).
Ibintu bimwe byoroshye kwerekana ikizamini kuruta ibindi. Byinshi bigezweho na bike bishaje hamwe na tekinoroji yo murwego biri murwego rugoye. Harimo imiyoboro ya Coriolis, metero ya vortex, metero mag, kunyura mu kirere, urwego rwa ultrasonic, hamwe nuburyo bwo guhinduranya ibintu, kuvuga amazina make. Kubwamahirwe, ibyinshi muribi byongereye kwisuzumisha ryemerera kwipimisha neza.
Ingorabahizi yo kugerageza ibikoresho nkibi mumurima bigomba kwitabwaho mugushushanya kwa SIF. Nibyoroshye mubuhanga bwo guhitamo ibikoresho bya SIF utitaye cyane kubisabwa kugirango ugaragaze igikoresho, kuko ntabwo ari abantu babagerageza. Ibi kandi ni ukuri kubijyanye no gupima igice, nuburyo busanzwe bwo kunoza impuzandengo ya SIF yo kunanirwa kubisabwa (PFDavg), ariko nyuma kubikorwa byuruganda Ibikorwa ntibishaka kubikora, kandi inshuro nyinshi ntibishobora. Buri gihe utange ibihingwa kugenzura ibijyanye nubuhanga bwa SIF mubijyanye no gupima ibimenyetso.
Ikizamini cyibimenyetso kigomba kubamo ubugenzuzi bwa SIF no gusana nkuko bikenewe kugirango wuzuze 61511-1, Ingingo 16.3.2. Hagomba kubaho ubugenzuzi bwa nyuma kugirango ibintu byose bishyizwe hejuru, no kugenzura kabiri ko SIF yashyizwe neza muri serivisi itunganijwe.
Kwandika no gushyira mubikorwa inzira nziza yikizamini nintambwe yingenzi yo kwemeza ubusugire bwa SIF mubuzima bwayo. Uburyo bwikizamini bugomba gutanga ibisobanuro bihagije kugirango tumenye neza ko ibizamini bisabwa bihoraho kandi neza kandi byakozwe neza. Kunanirwa biteye akaga bitageragejwe nibizamini bigomba kwishyurwa kugirango harebwe niba umutekano wa SIF ubungabungwa bihagije mubuzima bwayo.
Kwandika uburyo bwiza bwo gukora ibizamini bisaba uburyo bwumvikana bwo gusesengura ibyubuhanga bushobora kunanirwa, guhitamo uburyo, no kwandika intambwe yikizamini kiri mubushobozi bwo gupima igihingwa. Mu nzira, shaka kugura ibihingwa mu nzego zose kugirango bipimishe, kandi uhugure abatekinisiye gukora no kwandika ikizamini cyerekana kimwe no kumva akamaro k'ikizamini. Andika amabwiriza nkaho uri umutekinisiye wibikoresho ugomba gukora akazi, kandi ubuzima buterwa no kubona ikizamini neza, kuko babikora.
Testing sensors, logic solvers and final elements A SIF is typically divided up into three main parts, sensors, logic solvers and final elements. There also typically are auxiliary devices that can be associated within each of these three parts (e.g. I.S. barriers, trip amps, interposing relays, solenoids, etc.) that must also be tested.Sensor proof tests: The sensor proof test must ensure that the sensor can sense the process variable over its full range and transmit the proper signal to the SIS logic solver for evaluation. While not inclusive, some of the things to consider in creating the sensor portion of the proof test procedure are given in Table 1. Table 1: Sensor proof test considerations Process ports clean/process interface check, significant buildup noted Internal diagnostics check, run extended diagnostics if available Sensor calibration (5 point) with simulated process input to sensor, verified through to the DCS, drift check Trip point check High/High-High/Low/Low-Low alarms Redundancy, voting degradation Out of range, deviation, diagnostic alarms Bypass and alarms, restrike User diagnostics Transmitter Fail Safe configuration verified Test associated systems (e.g. purge, heat tracing, etc.) and auxiliary components Physical inspection Complete as-found and as-left documentation Logic solver proof test: When full-function proof testing is done, the logic solver’s part in accomplishing the SIF’s safety action and related actions (e.g. alarms, reset, bypasses, user diagnostics, redundancies, HMI, etc.) are tested. Partial or piecemeal function proof tests must accomplish all these tests as part of the individual overlapping proof tests. The logic solver manufacturer should have a recommended proof test procedure in the device safety manual. If not and as a minimum, the logic solver power should be cycled, and the logic solver diagnostic registers, status lights, power supply voltages, communication links and redundancy should be checked. These checks should be done prior to the full-function proof test.Don’t make the assumption that the software is good forever and the logic need not be tested after the initial proof test as undocumented, unauthorized and untested software and hardware changes and software updates can creep into systems over time and must be factored into your overall proof test philosophy. The management of change, maintenance, and revision logs should be reviewed to ensure they are up to date and properly maintained, and if capable, the application program should be compared to the latest backup.Care should also be taken to test all the user logic solver auxiliary and diagnostic functions (e.g. watchdogs, communication links, cybersecurity appliances, etc.).Final element proof test: Most final elements are valves, however, rotating equipment motor starters, variable-speed drives and other electrical components such as contactors and circuit breakers are also used as final elements and their failure modes must be analyzed and proof tested.The primary failure modes for valves are being stuck, response time too slow or too fast, and leakage, all of which are affected by the valve’s operating process interface at trip time. While testing the valve at operating conditions is the most desirable case, Operations would generally be opposed to tripping the SIF while the plant is operating. Most SIS valves are typically tested while the plant is down at zero differential pressure, which is the least demanding of operating conditions. The user should be aware of the worst-case operational differential pressure and the valve and process degradation effects, which should be factored into the valve and actuator design and sizing.Commonly, to compensate for not testing at process operating conditions, additional safety pressure/thrust/torque margin is added to the valve actuator and inferential performance testing is done utilizing baseline testing. Examples of these inferential tests are where the valve response time is timed, a smart positioner or digital valve controller is used to record a valve pressure/position curve or signature, or advance diagnostics are done during the proof test and compared with previous test results or baselines to detect valve performance degradation, indicating a potential incipient failure. Also, if tight shut off (TSO) is a requirement, simply stroking the valve will not test for leakage and a periodic valve leak test will have to be performed. ISA TR96.05.02 is intended to provide guidance on four different levels of testing of SIS valves and their typical proof test coverage, based on how the test is instrumented. People (particularly users) are encouraged to participate in the development of this technical report (contact crobinson@isa.org).Ambient temperatures can also affect valve friction loads, so that testing valves in warm weather will generally be the least demanding friction load when compared to cold weather operation. As a result, proof testing of valves at a consistent temperature should be considered to provide consistent data for inferential testing for the determination of valve performance degradation.Valves with smart positioners or a digital valve controller generally have capability to create a valve signature that can be used to monitor degradation in valve performance. A baseline valve signature can be requested as part of your purchase order or you can create one during the initial proof test to serve as a baseline. The valve signature should be done for both opening and closing of the valve. Advanced valve diagnostic should also be used if available. This can help tell you if your valve performance is deteriorating by comparing subsequent proof test valve signatures and diagnostics with your baseline. This type of test can help compensate for not testing the valve at worst case operating pressures.The valve signature during a proof test may also be able to record the response time with time stamps, removing the need for a stopwatch. Increased response time is a sign of valve deterioration and increased friction load to move the valve. While there are no standards regarding changes in valve response time, a negative pattern of changes from proof test to proof test is indicative of the potential loss of the valve’s safety margin and performance. Modern SIS valve proof testing should include a valve signature as a matter of good engineering practice.The valve instrument air supply pressure should be measured during a proof test. While the valve spring for a spring-return valve is what closes the valve, the force or torque involved is determined by how much the valve spring is compressed by the valve supply pressure (per Hooke’s Law, F = kX). If your supply pressure is low, the spring will not compress as much, hence less force will be available to move the valve when needed. While not inclusive, some of the things to consider in creating the valve portion of the proof test procedure are given in Table 2. Table 2: Final element valve assembly considerations Test valve safety action at process operating pressure (best but typically not done), and time the valve’s response time. Verify redundancy Test valve safety action at zero differential pressure and time valve’s response time. Verify redundancy Run valve signature and diagnostics as part of proof test and compare to baseline and previous test Visually observe valve action (proper action without unusual vibration or noise, etc.). Verify the valve field and position indication on the DCS Fully stroke the valve a minimum of five times during the proof test to help ensure valve reliability. (This is not intended to fix significant degradation effects or incipient failures). Review valve maintenance records to ensure any changes meet the required valve SRS specifications Test diagnostics for energize-to-trip systems Leak test if Tight Shut Off (TSO) is required Verify the command disagree alarm functionality Inspect valve assembly and internals Remove, test and rebuild as necessary Complete as-found and as-left documentation Solenoids Evaluate venting to provide required response time Evaluate solenoid performance by a digital valve controller or smart positioner Verify redundant solenoid performance (e.g. 1oo2, 2oo3) Interposing Relays Verify correct operation, redundancy Device inspection
SIF isanzwe igabanijwemo ibice bitatu byingenzi, sensor, ibisubizo byumvikana nibintu byanyuma. Hariho kandi mubisanzwe hari ibikoresho byingirakamaro bishobora guhuzwa muri buri gice muri ibyo bice bitatu (urugero: inzitizi za IS, ingendo za amps, guhuza imirongo, solenoide, nibindi) bigomba no kugeragezwa.
Ibizamini bya Sensor: Ikizamini cyerekana ibimenyetso bigomba kwemeza ko sensor ishobora kumva inzira ihinduka murwego rwuzuye kandi ikohereza ibimenyetso bikwiye kuri SIS logic solver kugirango isuzumwe. Nubwo bitarimo, bimwe mubintu ugomba gusuzuma mugukora igice cya sensor yuburyo bwo gupima ibimenyetso byatanzwe mumeza 1.
Ikizamini cya Logic solver gihamya: Iyo igeragezwa ryuzuye-ryuzuye ryakozwe, uruhare rwa logic solver mugusohoza ibikorwa byumutekano wa SIF nibikorwa bifitanye isano (urugero: gutabaza, gusubiramo, kurenga, gusuzumisha abakoresha, kugabanuka, HMI, nibindi). Ikizamini cyibice cyangwa igice cyibikorwa bigomba kurangiza ibyo bizamini nkibice bigize ibizamini byerekana ibimenyetso. Uruganda rukora logic rugomba kugira uburyo bwo gupima ibimenyetso byemewe mugitabo cyumutekano wibikoresho. Niba atari byo kandi nkibisanzwe, imbaraga zo gukemura ibibazo zigomba kuzunguruka, hamwe na rejisitiri yo kwisuzumisha ya logic solver, amatara yimiterere, amashanyarazi yumuriro, imiyoboro yitumanaho nubucucike bigomba kugenzurwa. Iri genzura rigomba gukorwa mbere yikizamini-cyuzuye cyibizamini.
Ntugatekereze ko software ari nziza iteka ryose kandi logique ntigomba kugeragezwa nyuma yikizamini cyambere cyerekana ko idafite ibyangombwa, uruhushya rutabigenewe kandi rutageragejwe hamwe nimpinduka zibyuma hamwe nivugurura rya software birashobora kwinjira muri sisitemu mugihe kandi bigomba gushyirwa mubikorwa bya filozofiya yawe yerekana ibimenyetso. Imicungire yimpinduka, kubungabunga, no gusubiramo ibiti bigomba gusubirwamo kugirango barebe ko bigezweho kandi bikomezwe neza, kandi niba bishoboka, gahunda yo gusaba igomba kugereranwa nububiko bugezweho.
Hagomba kandi kwitonderwa kugirango ugerageze abakoresha bose logic solver ibikorwa bifasha no gusuzuma (urugero: indorerezi, imiyoboro y'itumanaho, ibikoresho byumutekano wa cyber, nibindi).
Ikizamini cya nyuma cyerekana ibimenyetso: Ibintu byinshi byanyuma ni valve, icyakora, ibikoresho bizunguruka moteri itangira, moteri yihuta-yihuta nibindi bikoresho byamashanyarazi nka contact na break break yamashanyarazi nabyo bikoreshwa nkibintu byanyuma kandi uburyo bwabo bwo kunanirwa bugomba gusesengurwa no kugeragezwa.
Uburyo bwibanze bwo kunanirwa kububiko burimo gukomera, igihe cyo gusubiza kiratinda cyane cyangwa cyihuta cyane, no kumeneka, ibyo byose bigira ingaruka kubikorwa byimikorere ya valve mugihe cyurugendo. Mugihe kugerageza valve kumikorere ikora nikintu cyifuzwa cyane, Ibikorwa muri rusange birwanya gukandagira SIF mugihe uruganda rukora. Indangantego nyinshi za SIS zipimwa mubisanzwe mugihe igihingwa kiri munsi yumuvuduko wa zeru, kikaba ari gito cyane gisaba imikorere. Umukoresha agomba kumenya imikorere mibi yibikorwa bitandukanye bitandukanye na valve hamwe ningaruka zo gutesha agaciro, bigomba gushyirwa mubikorwa bya valve na actuator igishushanyo nubunini.
Commonly, to compensate for not testing at process operating conditions, additional safety pressure/thrust/torque margin is added to the valve actuator and inferential performance testing is done utilizing baseline testing. Examples of these inferential tests are where the valve response time is timed, a smart positioner or digital valve controller is used to record a valve pressure/position curve or signature, or advance diagnostics are done during the proof test and compared with previous test results or baselines to detect valve performance degradation, indicating a potential incipient failure. Also, if tight shut off (TSO) is a requirement, simply stroking the valve will not test for leakage and a periodic valve leak test will have to be performed. ISA TR96.05.02 is intended to provide guidance on four different levels of testing of SIS valves and their typical proof test coverage, based on how the test is instrumented. People (particularly users) are encouraged to participate in the development of this technical report (contact crobinson@isa.org).
Ubushuhe bwibidukikije burashobora kandi kugira ingaruka kumitwaro ya valve, kuburyo ibipimo byo gupima mubihe bishyushye mubisanzwe bizaba ari umutwaro muto usabwa ugereranije nubukonje bukonje. Nkigisubizo, ibizamini byerekana ibimenyetso byubushyuhe burigihe bigomba gusuzumwa kugirango bitange amakuru ahoraho yo kwipimisha ku buryo bwo kumenya imikorere ya valve.
Imyanya ifite imyanya yubwenge cyangwa igenzura rya digitale muri rusange ifite ubushobozi bwo gukora umukono wa valve ushobora gukoreshwa mugukurikirana iyangirika mubikorwa bya valve. Umukono wibanze wa valve urashobora gusabwa nkigice cyo kugura cyangwa urashobora gukora kimwe mugihe cyambere cyibizamini kugirango ukore nkibanze. Umukono wa valve ugomba gukorwa haba gufungura no gufunga valve. Isuzuma ryiza rya valve rigomba no gukoreshwa niba rihari. Ibi birashobora kugufasha kukubwira niba imikorere ya valve yawe igenda yangirika ugereranije ibimenyetso byakurikiyeho byerekana ibimenyetso bya valve hamwe nibisuzumwa hamwe na baseline yawe. Ubu bwoko bwikizamini burashobora gufasha kwishyura indishyi zo kutagerageza valve kubibazo bibi bikora.
Umukono wa valve mugihe cyibizamini bishobora kandi kuba ushobora kwandika igihe cyo gusubiza hamwe na kashe yigihe, ukuraho ibikenewe kugirango uhagarare. Kongera igihe cyo gusubiza nikimenyetso cyo kwangirika kwa valve no kongera umutwaro wo guterana kugirango wimure valve. Mugihe nta bipimo byerekeranye nimpinduka mugihe cyo gusubiza valve, uburyo bubi bwimpinduka kuva ikizamini cyibimenyetso kugeza kubizamini byerekana ibimenyetso byerekana igihombo gishobora gutakaza umutekano wumutekano hamwe nibikorwa. Ibizamini bya SIS bigezweho bigomba gushiramo umukono wa valve nkikibazo cyimyitozo myiza yubuhanga.
Umuyoboro wibikoresho bya valve bigomba gupimwa mugihe cyo kugerageza. Mugihe isoko ya valve kumasoko-yagarutse ya valve niyo ifunga valve, imbaraga cyangwa torque zirimo bigenwa nuburyo amasoko ya valve yagabanijwe nigitutu cyo gutanga ibicuruzwa (nkuko amategeko ya Hooke abiteganya, F = kX). Niba umuvuduko wawe wo gutanga ari muke, isoko ntishobora kwikuramo cyane, niyo mpamvu imbaraga nke zizaboneka kugirango wimure valve mugihe bikenewe. Nubwo bitarimo, bimwe mubintu ugomba gusuzuma mugushinga valve igice cyibizamini byerekana ibimenyetso byatanzwe mu mbonerahamwe ya 2.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Ugushyingo-13-2019